Basically, this refers to the value of the object that is currently executing or invoking the function. I say currently due to the reason that the value of this changes depending on the context on which we use it and where we use it.

   const carDetails = {
     name: "Ford Mustang",
     yearBought: 2005,
     getName(){
        return this.name;
     },
     isRegistered: true
   };

   console.log(carDetails.getName()); // logs Ford Mustang

This is what we would normally expect because in the getName method we return this.name, this in this context refers to the object which is the carDetails object that is currently the "owner" object of the function executing.

Ok, Let's some add some code to make it weird. Below the console.log statement add this three lines of code

   var name = "Ford Ranger";
   var getCarName = carDetails.getName;

   console.log(getCarName()); // logs Ford Ranger

The second console.log statement prints the word Ford Ranger which is weird because in our first console.log statement it printed Ford Mustang. The reason to this is that the getCarName method has a different "owner" object that is the window object. Declaring variables with the var keyword in the global scope attaches properties in the window object with the same name as the variables. Remember this in the global scope refers to the window object when "use strict" is not used.

  console.log(getCarName === window.getCarName); //logs true
  console.log(getCarName === this.getCarName); // logs true

this and window in this example refer to the same object.

One way of solving this problem is by using the apply and call methods in functions.

   console.log(getCarName.apply(carDetails)); //logs Ford Mustang
   console.log(getCarName.call(carDetails));  //logs Ford Mustang

The apply and call methods expects the first parameter to be an object which would be value of this inside that function.

IIFE or Immediately Invoked Function Expression, Functions that are declared in the global scope, Anonymous Functions and Inner functions in methods inside an object has a default of this which points to the window object.

   (function (){
     console.log(this);
   })(); //logs the "window" object

   function iHateThis(){
      console.log(this);
   }

   iHateThis(); //logs the "window" object  

   const myFavoriteObj = {
     guessThis(){
        function getThis(){
          console.log(this);
        }
        getThis();
     },
     name: 'Marko Polo',
     thisIsAnnoying(callback){
       callback();
     }
   };


   myFavoriteObj.guessThis(); //logs the "window" object
   myFavoriteObj.thisIsAnnoying(function (){
     console.log(this); //logs the "window" object
   });

If we want to get the value of the name property which is Marko Polo in the myFavoriteObj object there are two ways to solve this.

First, we save the value of this in a variable.

   const myFavoriteObj = {
     guessThis(){
         const self = this; //saves the this value to the "self" variable
         function getName(){
           console.log(self.name);
         }
         getName();
     },
     name: 'Marko Polo',
     thisIsAnnoying(callback){
       callback();
     }
   };

In this image we save the value of this which would be the myFavoriteObj object. So we can access it inside the getName inner function.

Second, we use ES6 Arrow Functions.

   const myFavoriteObj = {
     guessThis(){
         const getName = () => { 
           //copies the value of "this" outside of this arrow function
           console.log(this.name);
         }
         getName();
     },
     name: 'Marko Polo',
     thisIsAnnoying(callback){
       callback();
     }
   };

Arrow Functions does not have its own this. It copies the value of this of the enclosing lexical scope or in this example the value of this outside the getName inner function which would be the myFavoriteObj object. We can also determine the value of this on how the function is invoked.